Roasted, ground coffee beans. Used as flavoring in baking, rubs, and desserts.
Substitutes
Instant Coffee — 1 tsp instant coffee per 1 tbsp ground coffee. Instant coffee dissolves directly. Use less since it is more concentrated. Works in baking and beverages.
Espresso — 1 shot espresso per 2 tbsp ground coffee brewed. Espresso is brewed coffee in concentrated form. Adjust liquid in recipe accordingly.
Black Tea — 2 tea bags per 1 tbsp ground coffee (brew strong for coffee-like intensity). Strong black tea provides a caffeine boost and dark, tannic character similar to coffee. Per McGee (On Food and Cooking), both coffee and tea contain caffeine (coffee at 95mg/cup vs black tea at 47mg/cup) and complex bitter compounds from the Maillard reaction during roasting/oxidation. Double-strength black tea approximates coffee's intensity for drinking, baking (coffee cake), and marinades.