When white vinegar runs out, the right substitute depends on what you need it for: for pickling and canning where 5% acidity is required, apple cider vinegar at 1:1 is the closest swap — just confirm the label reads 5% (some artisanal ACVs are only 4%). For activating baking soda or brightening a sauce, lemon juice at 1:1 delivers similar pH with a citrus note. For dressings and light sauces where sharpness is not the goal, rice vinegar at 1:1 gives the mildest result.
Substitutes
Lemon Juice — 1:1. Adds citrus flavor along with acidity. Less sharp than white vinegar. Better for cooking.
Apple Cider Vinegar — 1:1. Fruity, milder. Slight apple flavor. Good all-purpose substitute for white vinegar.
Rice Vinegar — 1:1 (by volume, note rice vinegar is milder). Rice vinegar is milder and less acidic than white distilled vinegar, typically 4-5% acetic acid versus white vinegar's 5-7%. This lower acidity makes rice vinegar gentler in pickling and dressings [McGee]. White vinegar is produced by fermenting distilled alcohol, yielding a sharp, clean sourness. Rice vinegar has subtle sweetness from rice fermentation. For pickling where strong acidity is needed, this swap may produce softer preservation results [USDA]. Adjust quantities if sharper flavor is required.